Roman Space Telescope, a NASA Mission Set to Advance the Search for Life in the Universe, Is Preparing for Launch After a Development Marked

The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope is slated to lift off at 7:26 a.m. ET from NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, atop a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket. NASA will broadcast live coverage of the launch on its website and other platforms beginning at 6:20 a.m. ET. Often compared to the iconic Hubble Space Telescope, the Roman observatory is expected to revolutionize humanity's understanding of the universe.

The telescope is designed to survey more of the sky than any space telescope before it. Over its five-year mission, it is expected to capture panoramic views of the cosmos, study little-explored parts of the Milky Way, and uncover more than 100,000 planets around other stars. Its study of dark matter and dark energy could also give scientists new insights into two of the most confounding puzzles in astronomy.

Some of our longest-standing mysteries in modern astrophysics are: What is the nature of dark matter and the nature of dark energy? said astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson, director of the Rose Center for Earth and Space at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. This telescope is going to try to give us the best data available to address those questions.

The $4.3 billion mission has been under development for nearly two decades and is set to launch nine months ahead of schedule. That would be a major feat for any of NASA's flagship missions, especially given that teams had to navigate the Covid pandemic and government shutdowns this year and last — two of the longest in U.S. history. After launch, the Roman telescope will spend more than three months journeying to its final destination, located roughly 1 million miles from Earth.

The telescope is designed to live at a location in space known as L2, a Lagrange point where the gravitational acceleration from the sun and Earth balance out, allowing the telescope to stay in a stable orbit. At L2, Roman should join another of NASA's workhorse observatories, the James Webb Space Telescope, which launched in 2021. Though often compared to Hubble, which launched in 1990, Roman's capabilities far outpace its predecessor's: Roman is able to survey the sky 1,000 times faster than Hubble, with each image capturing a patch of sky at least 100 times larger than one of Hubble's. Three primary surveys are planned over the course of the mission. During the largest one, which will last over a year, the telescope will peer through the Milky Way's dense, star-packed center, known as the galactic bulge, building a vast catalog of all the astronomical objects it observes.

The second and third surveys will focus on dark matter and dark energy. Dark matter is thought to be the invisible material that makes up most of the matter in galaxies, inferred by the gravitational effects it exerts. Dark energy is the mysterious force that scientists think is causing the universe's expansion to accelerate.

The Roman telescope was named in honor of Nancy Grace Roman, who became NASA's first chief of astronomy in 1959 and is considered a pioneer of modern space-based astronomy. Roman, who was born in 1925 and died in 2018, was instrumental in winning congressional approval for Hubble, earning her the nickname mother of the Hubble Space Telescope. NASA named its newest space telescope after her in 2020, two years after her death.

Putting telescopes in space affords scientists clearer and deeper views of the cosmos compared to ground-based astronomy because Earth's atmosphere absorbs certain wavelengths of light, limiting and sometimes distorting what can be observed. Denise Chow is a science and space reporter for NBC News.